The saying goes, too much of a good thing can be detrimental. Ever wonder why you still get aches and soreness in the knees despite having an active lifestyle? Chondromalacia patella, more commonly known as Runner’s Knee, is a condition that most sports people suffer, although this condition also plagues a healthy person who does not take good care of their knees. The pain is more accurately known as patellofemoral pain. It occurs when the patella, the natural shock absorber in our knees, get injured or overused.



Causes:

1. Overuse. Repetitive stress on your knee joint — such as that sustained during running or jumping sports — may result in patellofemoral pain.

2. Misaligned bones. Patellofemoral pain can occur if the bones in your knee or foot aren't aligned properly.

3. Injury. Trauma to the kneecap, such as a dislocation or fracture, has been linked to patellofemoral pain syndrome.
 
 
Symptoms:

The pain feels like a sore that lasts for a while, sometimes the pain can also be felt as a short, sharp sensation. The pain can usually be felt when you squat for too long and get up, climb up or down the stairs or apply too much pressure on one knee by leaning to one side of your body; kneeling or squatting.
 
 
Are you at risk?

Patellofemoral pain usually affects adolescents and young adults. It also commonly affects sports people who engage in sports that involves jumping and running. Women are also more likely to develop this condition than men as their pelvis is wider apart which increases “the angle at which the bones in the knee joint meet,” according to Mayo clinic.
 
 
Diagnosis and Treatment:

People who suspect that they are suffering from this condition will be sent for an x-ray, CT scan or MRI scan. Treatments vary depending on the seriousness of the condition. To ease a slight pain in the knee, ice the knee or wear a knee support or knee guard. This will help to align the bones in the knee. If you are a sports person, opt for sports which are gentle on the knee such as swimming or cycling. Other forms of treatment include rehabilitation exercises or taping, where your doctor teaches you how to tape the knee to reduce pain.

For severe cases, patients might have to undergo a knee realignment surgery or Arthroscopy.
 
 
Prevention

There are a few ways to prevent you from developing ‘Runners Knee’. Always warm up before and after any form of exercise. Do more stretching to enhance flexibility. Wear the right shoes when exercising so as to better support your joints during exercise. Lose some weight, excess weight can add on to the stress your knees are already facing. For more preventive measures, Mayoclinic has quite a comprehensive list.
 
For more details, do consult your physician. If you are suffering from any form of knee pains, do see your doctor to get your knees checked.
Always bear in mind that moderation and comfort are key to safe and effective exercise. Pain and discomfort are indicators that you're overworking yourself, so don't push yourself, or you may find yourself ridden with complications and limitations in the later part of your life.
 



The rarely heard of condition atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) recently gained some spotlight when six-year-old Avalanna Routh, or "Mrs Bieber", passed away from this disease. Famous heart throb Justin Bieber, who had spent a Valentine's Day with her playing board games, given her a kiss and called her "Mis Bieber" in his tweet, expressed his heartbreak over her death on his twitter account. Love him or hate him and his fanbase, this news certainly garnered a lot of sympathy for the little one.

What is ATRT, and why do such young children fall victim to it?

ATRT is a type of brain cancer that strikes young children below the age of three. Survival rate is low for children aged three and below, but mortality rate increases when the child survives it past age three.

ATRT is a fast-growing tumour that grows in the brain and the spinal cord.

Anatomy of the brain, showing the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and other parts of the brain.
Anatomy of the inside of the brain, showing the pineal and pituitary glands, optic nerve, ventricles (with cerebrospinal fluid shown in blue), and other parts of the brain.
 
 
The tumour is commonly found in the cerebellum or brain stem. The cerebellum is the area that controls the movement, balance and posture of a person, the brain stem controls the nerves, breathing and heart rate. This tumour may also be found in other parts of the central nervous system which also includes the spinal cord. The top diagram shows the position of the brain stem and cerebellum.

Symptoms
As this tumour grows fast, symptoms can be seen over a short period of a few days to a few weeks.
This includes:
• Morning headache or headache that goes away after vomiting.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Unusual sleepiness or change in activity level.
• Loss of balance, lack of coordination, or trouble walking.
• Increase in head size (in infants)

Diagnosis
There are many ways for a doctor to diagnose the patient with his tumour. This includes a physical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, computerized tomography (CT) scan, biopsy, lumbar puncture, ultrasound and genetic testing.

The MRI and CT scan allows the doctor to get detailed images of the affected areas. Biopsy is where a doctor removes some tissue from the tumour for tests. Lumbar puncture removes cerebrospinal fluid to determine if the tumour cells have spread.  Ultrasound determines if there are tumours in other parts of the body and lastly, genetic testing allows the doctor to check if there is any genetic changes to the cells that may be linked to ATRT.
 
Causes for this condition are not yet documented. That's why supporting cancer research is so important as it helps to uncover the truths behind many bizarre conditions, and more importantly, find ways to minimise their fatality.
 
In Singapore, there are a few research centres and programmes dedicated to the study of cancers and their treatment methods, namely the NCC Research Fund by the National Cancer Centre Singapore, National Cancer Centre Institute of Singapore and Singhealth Foundation, just to name some. If you're up for some philantrophy, do consider cancer as a cause to donate for. There are always new cancer-related issues requiring discovery and further research on a daily basis!
 
Sources:
http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/Site3168/mainpageS3168P3.html

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/child-CNS-ATRT/patient/page1
http://www.cancer.umn.edu/cancerinfo/NCI/CDR574573.html
http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/Site3168/mainpageS3168P0.html
http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/Site3168/mainpageS3168P3.html